Furthermore, each data set needs to be presented in a certain way depending on what it is used for. Since most data are available to researchers in a raw format, they must be summarized, organized, and analyzed to usefully derive information from them. Whether data are being collected with a certain purpose or collected data are being utilized, questions regarding what information the data are conveying, how the data can be used, and what must be done to include more useful information must constantly be kept in mind. Moreover, as journal editors and reviewers glance at these presentations before reading the whole article, their importance cannot be ignored.ĭata are a set of facts, and provide a partial picture of reality. They can make an article easy to understand, attract and sustain the interest of readers, and efficiently present large amounts of complex information. Text, tables, and graphs for data and information presentation are very powerful communication tools. A graph is a very effective visual tool as it displays data at a glance, facilitates comparison, and can reveal trends and relationships within the data such as changes over time, frequency distribution, and correlation or relative share of a whole.
A table is best suited for representing individual information and represents both quantitative and qualitative information. Text is the principal method for explaining findings, outlining trends, and providing contextual information.
In this article, the techniques of data and information presentation in textual, tabular, and graphical forms are introduced. However, no matter how well manipulated, the information derived from the raw data should be presented in an effective format, otherwise, it would be a great loss for both authors and readers. Therefore, raw data need to be summarized, processed, and analyzed.
Data are usually collected in a raw format and thus the inherent information is difficult to understand.
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